Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda. Ada 5 jenis kata ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective (possessive adjectives), untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan untuk menyatakan refleksi diri (reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns). Kelima pronoun tersebut disajikan pada tabel berikut.
| Subject Pronouns | Object Pronouns | Possessive Adjectives | Possessive Pronouns | Reciprocal Pronouns |
| I You (singular) You (plural) We They He She It | me you you us them him her it | my your your our their his her its | mine yours yours ours theirs his hers its | myself yourself yourselves ourselves themselves himself herself itself |
A. Penggunaan subject pronoun.
Subject pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai subject.
- I, you, we, they, he, dan she digunakan untuk mengganti orang. Selain itu, “they ” juga digunakan untuk menggantikan plural nouns. He dan she juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan hewan, khususnya hewan peliharaan. Dan khusus untuk “she ‘ juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan kapal laut.
- “It ” untuk menggantikan benda mati dan tumbuhan tunggal.
- He, she dan it adalah singular subject (orang ketiga tunggal) yang selalu diikuti oleh singular verb.
Penggunaan subject pronoun ada 4, yaitu:
a. Pada umumnya subject pronoun diletakkan di awal kalimat (sebelum verb).
Contoh:
- I love you.
- He is my brother.
- She likes writing a poem. (Dia suka menulis puisi).
- Two cars were reported stolen last night. They haven’t been found yet. (Dua mobil dilaporkan dicuri tadi malam. Mereka (kedua mobil itu) belum ditemukan).
- You have to buy a good English dictionary. (Kamu harus membeli sebuah kamus bahasa Inggris yang baik).
- We planted a rose plant last month. It is growing well now. (Kami menanam sebuah tanaman mawar sebulan yang lalu. Dia (tanaman mawar itu) sedang tumbuh dengan baik sekarang).
b. (it/that/this/these/those/there) + (to be) + subject pronoun
Dalam pola-pola seperti ini, it, that, this, these, those dan there hanya berfungsi sebagai pseudo-subject (subject semu). Subject yang sebenarnya adalah nouns setelah to be. Olehnya itu, pronoun yang tepat digunakan setelah to be adalah subject pronoun.
Contoh:
- It was I who broke the mirror. (Adalah saya (sayalah) yang memecahkan cermin itu).
- There is he here now. You should come here quickly if you want to meet him. (Ada dia di sini sekarang. Kamu harus datang ke sini dengan cepat jika kamu ingin bertemu dia).
- This is I. I am just an ordinary person. (Inilah saya. Saya hanyalah seorang manusia biasa).
c. Setelah expression as… as dalam kalimat equal comparison.
Contoh:
- He is as smart as she. (Dia (cowok) sama pintarnya dengan dia (cewek).
- Maria has the same preference as they. (Maria punya kesukaan yang sama dengan mereka).
c. Setelah than dalam kalimat unequal comparison.
Contoh:
- I am smarter than he. (Saya lebih pintar dari dia).
- They study harder than she. (Mereka belajar lebih giat dari dia).
d. Setelah different from.
- We are different from they. (Kita beda dengan mereka).
- Although they are twins, she is different from he. (Walaupun mereka kembar, dia (cewek) beda dengan dia).
Note: In speaking (informal occasion), pronoun pada kalimat-kalimat di poin b – d lebih sering dinyatakan dengan object pronoun, menjadi:
- It was me who broke the mirror.
- He is as smart as her.
- I am smarter than him.
- We are different from them. dan seterusnya.
Walaupun lebih sering digunakan secara informal, penggunaan object pronoun ini (poin b-d) dianggap gramatically incorrect. Jadi, jika anda ikut ujian TOEFL atau test lainnya selalu pilih subject pronoun, bukan object pronoun.
Contoh kalimat tambahan penggunaan subject pronoun dapat dibaca di topik : Subject kalimat.
B. Penggunaan object pronoun
Object pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai object dan diletakkan setelah verb.
Contoh:
- Yeyes gave me a piece of cake (Yeyes memberi saya sepotong kue)
- Yeyes gave you a piece of cake, too. (Yeyes memberi kamu sepotong kue juga)
- Yeyes did not give him a piece of cake. (Yeyes tidak memberi dia sepotong kue).
- I like her. (Saya suka dia).
- Do you like your new bicycle? Yes, I like it very much. (Apakah kamu suka sepeda barumu? Ya, saya menyukainya dengan sangat)
- Koko helped us clean the house. (Koko membantu kami membersihkan rumah).
- Yeyes taught him to do his homework. (Yeyes mengajarinya mengerjakan PR).
- Didit saw us on the football field. (Didit melihat kita di lapangan sepakbola)
- She hates me because I am very, very naughty. (Dia membenciku karena saya sangat,sangat jahil).
C. Penggunaan possessive adjective
Pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, yaitu untuk menerangkan kepemilikan terhadap nouns. (The nouns belong to whom? = nouns itu milik siapa?)
Contoh:
- This is my house. (Ini adalah rumahku).
- That is his house.
- This is your dictionary. (Ini adalah kamusmu)
- We all like our teacher.
- Didit and Yeyes are saving some of their money to buy a birthday gift.
- That is your book.
- This is their clean class.
- That is our television.
- This is my new bag.
- That is her big house.
D. Penggunaan possessive pronoun
Kata ganti ini juga menyatakan kepemilikan sesuatu benda. Perbedaannya dengan possessive adjectives adalah terletak pada kata bendanya yang tidak disebutkan lagi karena sudah tersirat di dalam kata ganti ini.
Contoh:
- This house is mine. (rumah ini adalah rumahku).
- That house is his. (rumah itu adalah rumahnya).
- This dictionary is yours. (kamus ini adalah kamusmu).
- I like your shoes but I don’t like mine. (Saya suka spatumu, tapi saya tidak suka sepatuku).
- Those books are his now. (Buku-buku itu adalah buku-bukunya sekarang).
- This new bag is mine. (Tas baru ini adalah tasku).
- That television is ours. (TV itu adalah TV kami).
- These beautiful cars are theirs. (Mobil-mobil cantik ini adalah mobil-mobil mereka).
- That pencil is yours. (Pensil itu adalah pensilmu).
- This dictionary is his. (Kamus ini adalah kamusnya).
Note: In speaking, noun setelah “this, that, these dan those” sering dihilangkan. Lawan bicara sudah paham maksudnya karena noun-nya sudah diacu sebelumnya, plus adanya body language. Contoh-contoh di atas dapat dinyatakan dengan:
- This is mine
- That’s yours
- Those are his now, dan seterusnya.
E. Penggunaan reflexive (reciprocal) pronoun
Reflexive atau reciprocal pronoun ini digunakan untuk merefleksikan diri dan untuk mengeraskan arti orang atau benda yang diacunya.
Contoh:
- I hate myself. (Saya benci diriku sendiri).
- You only love yourself. (Kamu hanya cinta dirimu sendiri).
- You all have to help yourselves. (Kamu semua harus membantu diri kamu sendiri).
- We have to discipline ourselves. (Kita harus mendisiplinkan diri kita sendiri).
- She must be angry to herself. (Dia harus marah pada dirinya sendiri).
- He gives himself a little more time to rest. (Dia memberi dirinya sendiri sedikit lebih banyak waktu untuk beristirahat).
- They are proud of themselves. (Mereka bangga pada diri mereka sendiri).
Soal: Coba terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris kalimat berikut:
- Saya akan meminjamimu sepedaku.
Jawab:
Kata ‘meminjami’ adalah sebuah kata kerja (aktivitas yang akan dilakukan oleh subject ‘Saya’). Jadi ‘mu’ di sini bukanlah mengganti kepunyaan, melainkan kependekan dari pronoun ‘kamu’, yang berfungsi sebagai object kalimat, sehingga dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi “you”. Sedangkan pronoun ‘ku’ di kalimat ini adalah sebuah possessive adjective, yang menerangkan who (siapa) yang memiliki ‘sepeda’ tersebut. Oleh karena itu, pronoun yang tepat untuk ‘ku’ adalah ‘my’. Jadi, kalimat di atas dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi:
- I will lend you my bicycle. Atau,
- I will lend my bike to you.
F. Penggunaan indefinite pronoun: One dan Ones
Selain kelima jenis pronoun di atas, one‘ dan ones juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan nouns yang sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya. One digunakan untuk menggantikan singular nouns (benda tunggal), sedangkan ones digunakan untuk menggantikan plural nouns (benda jamak).
Contoh:
- There are two dogs in my house. They are brown and white. The brown one is big, tall and a little fierceful, while the white one is smaller, shorter, and calmer. (Ada 2 anjing di rumahku. Mereka berwarna coklat dan putih. Anjing yang berwarna coklat adalah besar, tinggi, dan sedikit galak, sedangkan anjing yang berwarna putih adalah lebih kecil, lebih pendek, dan lebih jinak).
- I have two new red pens on my right hand and five used blue pens on my left one. Which ones do you want? (Saya punya 2 pulpen merah baru di tangan kanan saya dan 5 pulpen biru yang telah pernah dipakai di tangan kiri saya. Pulpen-pulpen yang manakah yang kamu inginkan?).
Note: ‘One ‘ atau ‘ones ‘ hanya menggantikan noun-nya saja, sedangkan adjective-nya harus tetap disebutkan agar pembaca atau lawan bicara mengerti apa atau siapa yang diacu/dirujuk oleh ‘one’ atau ‘ones’ tersebut.
20 comments
jasmine
January 19, 2010
1. It was me who broke the mirror.
2. He is as smart as her.
3. I am smarter than him.
4. We are different from them. dan seterusnya.
“Walaupun lebih sering digunakan secara informal, penggunaan object pronoun ini (poin b-d) dianggap gramatically incorrect. Jadi, jika anda ikut ujian TOEFL atau test lainnya selalu pilih subject pronoun, bukan object pronoun.”
ini dy niy yang bikin bingung n dapet low points ngerjain test TOEFL. wong qta kbiasan pake bahasa yang informal, kan yang penting nyambung. hehehe…
Swara Bhaskara
January 19, 2010
Pada prinsipnya sama dengan ketika kita menggunakan bahasa Indonesia. Dapat nilai 100 susahnya minta ampun. Bener ga?
Kembali ke diskusi di atas.
Untuk kalimat no 1, kata IT sebenarnya bukan subject kalimat. Yang menjadi subject di kalimat seperti ini adalah pronoun atau noun setelah to be. Oleh karena itu, pronoun setelah to be seharusnya dalam bentuk SUBJECT PRONOUN (he, she, I, you, they, we), BUKAN dalam bentuk object pronoun (him, her, me, you, them, us).
It was I who broke the mirror.
Pada kalimat no. 2, 3, dan 4, yang dibandingkan adalah subject kalimat, maka pembandingnya juga seharusnya sebagai subject kalimat. Secara berturut-turut, He dibandingkan dengan She, I dibandingkan dengan he, dan We dibandingkan dengan they.
Sebagai ilustrasi:
He is smart.
She is smart.
He is as smart as she is.
Atau to be-nya direduksi (dihilangkan) menjadi:
He is as smart as she.
Dan begitu juga dengan kalimat 3 dan 4.
Pal
October 18, 2010
“tum2″ “Tumre” “tumpse” “tumpek”, those are my nicknames that given by my friend. Actually I always introduce my name as Tumpal then I say you can call me “Tum” or “Pal” but I don’t know where the words come from so they call me like that, But anyway I like the way they call me.
good morning Mr Bhaskara, while writing this few sentences there are some words that confuse me:
1. in sentence ” those are my nick name” is that correct, or could I change the word “those” with “they are”
2. Actually ‘I always’ introduce my name as Tumpal then I “say” you can call me….
question:
a.between I and always should I put to be?
b.the word say is that correct or should I replace it with”Said”
3. but I don’t know where the words come from so they call me “like that”.
question:
a. The words like that is that correct or should I put to be before Like
Hope you’ll be glad to explain it
thank you
Swara Bhaskara
October 18, 2010
Hi Pal,
Great stuff. Before I try to answer your questions, allow me to give some small suggestions to your writing. The parts that need to be reconsidered have been underlined above.
1. If you want to use those (or these or they), you should put a period after the word “Tumpek”.
“Tum2?, “Tumre”, “Tumpse”, “Tumpek”. Those are my nicknames….
On the other hand, if you prefer not to put a period after that word, those (or these or they) is not needed.
“Tum2?, “Tumre”, “Tumpse”, and “Tumpek” are my nicknames…..
2. “that given” is missing a be. This part should be “that were given”. You can also reduce the that and were but leave the verb3 given intact.
Those are my nicknames given by my friends.
3. Are those nicknames given by a single friend of yours only? If so, the part “my friend” is correct. On the other hand, if, for instance, Tum2 was given by person A, Tumre was given by person B, Tumse was given by person C, and Tumpek was given by person D, this part should be “my friends”.
4. During introduction, it’s more common to use “myself”, instead of “my name”.
5. The verb “come” should be in its past form, “came”.
6. That should be those or these because you’re referring to more than one nickname of yours.
7. This should be these because it’s followed by a plural noun.
Combining my suggestions above, we will have the following,
“Tum2?, “Tumre”, “Tumpse”, “Tumpek”. Those are my nicknames that were given by my friends. Actually I always introduce myself as Tumpal then I say you can call me “Tum” or “Pal” but I don’t know where the words came from so they call me like those. But anyway I like the way they call me.
And the following are my answers to your questions.
1. Can we change those with they?
Yes, we can.
Those are my nicknames. CORRECT
They are my nicknames. CORRECT
These are my nicknames. CORRECT
2. a. Adverbs don’t change the verb or verb phrase of a sentence. If we omit the adverb always from this sentence, we will have:
Actually I introduce myself as Tumpal…
There’s no such a be, right? However, a be is needed if a sentence doesn’t have a verb, for instance:
I am happy.
In this case, when we add the adverb always into this sentence, it should be:
I am always happy.
b. In this context, the correct one should be say. However, if you’re telling us one of the introductions you did in the past, for instance yesterday, then you should use said, instead.
I introduced myself as Tumpal then I said you could call me “Tum” or “Pal”.
3. Yes, it’s correct. In this context, you don’t need to add a be prior to like. Other patterns of like usage can be read here.
Pal
October 19, 2010
I’m very glad to read your explanation, I read it few times to make me understand what the point given by you. But in the third sentence ‘come’ should replace with ‘came’ instead. Why should we change it, wich parts of the sentence that show it in past tense form. And if utill know it still happen, I mean some friends still call me like those, should we change it too?
Swara Bhaskara
October 19, 2010
Good point.
Let me start form the verb call. Yes, here you correctly use this verb in the simple present tense because your friends call you by those nicknames regularly, from the past, till now, and probably till the end of the future.
However, where did those nicknames come from at the first place? For instance, one of your friends started to call you by Tum2 5 years ago. How did this friend of yours come up with Tum2 5 years ago? My point is that the action of the verb come has happened and ended in the past. In other words, the happening of “came up with Tum2” does not occur regularly. That’s why this part of your writing should be in the simple past tense.
Pal
October 19, 2010
it’s a very clear explanation I got the point sir. I think learning english is harder than learning calculus or physics
but I enjoy it.
thankyou for spending your precious time sharing
with me
Swara Bhaskara
October 21, 2010
I’m afraid I don’t quite agree with you. I think you have this feeling because the time and efforts you put into English is much less than those in calculus or physics. Am I right?
baim21
October 20, 2010
please give me explanation about possessive adj, possessive pronoun, dan belong to + object pronoun?
and how to way those?
thank you..
Swara Bhaskara
October 21, 2010
1. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES vs POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
Seperti telah disinggung di tulisan di atas, kedua tipe pronoun ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessiveness / ownership). Disebut possessive adjective (PA) karena berfungsi sebagai adjective. Olehnya itu, PA selalu diletakkan di depan noun, sehingga terbentuk noun phrase,
PA + NOUN
Noun phrase ini dapat digunakan baik sebagai subject kalimat maupun sebagai object kalimat.
My sister loves novels.
I sometimes borrow her novels.
Possessive adjectives tidak pernah tanpa noun karena akan meaningless.
My loves novels. INCORRECT. My apa/siapa?
I sometimes borrow her. INCORRECT. Maksud hati bilang “Aku kadang-kadang meminjam novelnya”, tapi makna kalimat ini adalah “Aku kadang-kadang meminjam DIA”
Sebaliknya, possessive pronouns (PP) bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa noun.
Budi: My sister loves comics. How about yours?
Me: Mine loves novels. I sometimes borrow hers.
Di conversation ini, yours = your sister, mine = my sister, hers = her novels.
Noun-nya juga bisa disebutkan tapi letakkan possessive pronoun setelah noun tersebut,
NOUN + PP
Contoh:
My pencil is broken. Can I borrow a pencil of yours, please?
A friend of mine will visit me tonight.
Budi lent me two CDs of his.
Di sini, a pencil of yours = your pencil, a friend of mine = my friend, two CDs of his = two of his CDs.
2. BELONG TO + OBJECT PRONOUN
These two CDs belong to him. (Dua CD ini adalah miliknya)
Those comics belong to her. (Komik-komik itu adalah miliknya)
Remember: kalau subjectnya orang ketiga tunggal, tambahkan -s pada verb belong.
This novel belongs to her. (Novel ini miliknya)
Selain itu, pola belong to yang lain adalah,
BELONG TO + PA + NOUN
BELONG TO + NOUN + PP
Contoh:
These two CDs belong to Budi.
Budi sometimes reads comics that belong to his sister.
I sometimes read novels belonging to my sister.
The motorcycle belongs to a friend of mine.
igor castro
July 7, 2011
These two CDs “BELONG” to Budi–>coz subject pronoun is PLURAL
The motorcycle “BELONGS” to a friend of mine–> coz subject pronoun is SINGULAR, betul gak sir..?
Swara Bhaskara
July 7, 2011
Absolutely correct, Igor.
igor castro
July 7, 2011
I sometimes read novels belonging to my sister
so, can we replace “BELONGING” with “BELONG”, sir…?
Swara Bhaskara
July 7, 2011
Yes, you can, but you need to add a suitable relative pronoun and place it before the verb, too. In this sentence, the suitable one should be “that“.
I sometimes read novels belonging to my sister =
I sometimes read novels that belong to my sister.
As a comparison, if the sentence is, for instance,
I sometimes read a novel belonging to my sister
then, it is similar in meaning to:
I sometimes read a novel that belongs to my sister
igor castro
July 7, 2011
these two CDs belong to Budi
The motorcycle belongs to a friend of mine
why ON/IN those sentences, you didn’t put “that” –>pake ON apa IN sir…?
i’m still confused
Swara Bhaskara
July 7, 2011
Because belong and belongs in those two sentences are the main verbs (predicate) of the sentences. The reductions we’re talking should be applied in adjective clauses, but not for the main verb of a sentence if we don’t want the meaning of the sentence to change.
igor castro
July 7, 2011
a lot of thanks to you sir for interesting explanations
coddink
November 8, 2010
Apakah seperti object pronoun “him/her” dan possesive adjective “his/her” dan pronoun lainnya juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan hewan, khususnya hewan peliharaan??
Swara Bhaskara
November 8, 2010
Hi Coddink. How are you?
Pertanyaan ini sebenarnya sudah disinggung di posting di atas, tapi saya kelupaan memberi contoh kalimatnya. Sorry.
Yup, bule juga menggunakan kata ganti he/him/his/his/himself untuk pet (binatang peliharaan) jantan dan she/her/her/hers/herself untuk pet betina, seperti halnya kalau digunakan untuk menggantikan orang ketiga tunggal.
I have a dog. His name is Robby. He always wags his tails every time I get home from work. The hair of his is brown. He‘s actually very caring, but because he is big, many of my neighbors are afraid of him.
She juga untuk kapal laut:
Titanic. What a poor ship. On her first cruise to New York, she hit an iceberg, broke into two, then sank onto the Atlantic ocean floor. Many treasure hunters have searched inside her to find a priceless diamond called the heart of the ocean.
Selain itu, she juga digunakan untuk moon (bulan), serta planet-planet yang namanya diambil dari nama dewi (dewa perempuan) romawi. Dan, kalau bahasa Indonesia mengenal gaya bahasa personafikasi, begitu juga bahasa Inggris. Tapi, kalau gak yakin menggunakan she atau he, amannya gunakan saja it.
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